Feudalism Chart

Sections.After his coronation in 1066 claimed that all the land in England now belonged to him. William retained about a fifth of this land for his own use. The rest was distributed to the those men who had helped him to defeat Harold.In return for these lands (fiefs), the 170 tenants-in-chief had to provide men for military service. The number of knights (horse soldiers) tenants-in-chief had to provide depended on the amount of land they had been given.In order to supply these knights, tenants-in-chief (also called barons) divided some of their land up into smaller units called manors. These manors were then passed on to men who promised to serve as knights when the king needed them.William gave a quarter of the land in England to the church.

Feudal Classroom (Day 1 Activity) To demonstrate the feudal system of government, we will be turning the classroom into a feudal system. The class should be arranged as described below for the entire three-week unit in order to allow all students to participate in all aspects of the feudal life.

Bishops, abbots and priors that were granted land also had to promise to supply knights. For example, in exchange for his Mild flie archbishop of Canterbury had to provide sixty knights when the king wanted them.When William granted land to his tenant-in-chief an important ceremony took place. The tenant-in-chief knelt before the king, placed his hands between the king's and said: 'I become your man,' swearing on the Bible to remain faithful for the rest of his life. The tenant-in-chief would then carry out similar ceremonies with his knights. To break this oath was a very serious crime in Norman England.

Primary Sources (Source 1) A knight promises to be loyal to his king (c. 1390)(Source 2) Kettering Abbey provided land for forty villeins. In exchange for holding 30 acres the villeins had to provide several feudal services.Kettering Abbey provided land for forty villeins. In exchange for holding 30 acres the villeins had to provide several feudal services. Three days a week work on the 88 acres held by the abbey. Every year they had to provide 50 hens, 640 eggs and 2s.

(Source 3) Letter sent by William of Siward to King in 1166I am letting you know by this letter that I hold from you a certain village, Gosford by name, and the half of another which is called Milton, for the fee and service of one knight, which I faithfully perform for you, as my ancestors. (Source 4) Walter of Guisborough, Chronicle (c. 1310)Earl Warenne was called before the king's judges. The judges asked to see his warrant (documents that proved that he owned his land). He produced an ancient and rusty sword and said: 'Look at this, my lords, this is my warrant! For my ancestors came with William and conquered their lands with the sword, and by the sword I will defend them from anyone intending to seize them. The king did not conquer and subject the land by himself, but our forebears were sharers and partners with him.'

(Source 5) Medieval illustration of men harvesting wheat with reaping-hooks (c.1310)(Source 6) Pope Gregory VII in a letter to the Bishop of Metz in 1081.Kings and leaders are sprung from men who were ignorant of God, who by pride, robbery, murder, in a word, by almost every crime in the devil. To dominate over their equals, that is, over mankind. (Source 7) Bishop Fulbert of Normandy (c.1150)He who swears fealty to his lord must not injure his lord by giving up secrets of his castles. He must do nothing to injure the rights of justice of his lord.

He must do no wrong to his lord's possessions. (Source 8), Chronicles (c. 1395)It is the custom in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great power over the common people, who are their serfs. This means that they are bound by law and custom to plough the fields of their masters, harvest the corn, gather it into barns, and thresh and winnow the grain; they must also mow and carry home the hay, cut and collect wood, and perform all manner of tasks of this kind. Questions for StudentsQuestion 1: Explain why Earl Warenne (Source 4) produced an ancient sword when he was asked by the judges to show his warrant.Question 2: Select a source from this unit where the author appears to support the feudal system.

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Also select an author who appears to be critical of this system. Explain your choices.

Give reasons why these two writers had different opinions on this subject.Question 3: Compare the value of the sources in this unit in helping you to discover how long feudalism lasted in England. Answer CommentaryA commentary on these questions can be found Download ActivityYou can download this activity in a word documentYou can download the answers in a word document.

Detail from the Heidelberger Sachsenspiegel showing the homage ceremony, in which the vassals put themselves under the protection of their lords by placing their hands between his hands, 14th century; in the Universitatsbibliothek, Heidelberg, Ger. Universitatsbibliothek, Heidelberg, Germany Origins of the ideaThe terms feudalism and feudal system were generally applied to the early and central Middle Ages—the period from the 5th century, when central political authority in the Western disappeared, to the 12th century, when kingdoms began to emerge as effective centralized units of government. For a relatively brief period, from the mid-8th to the early 9th century, the rulers, especially (reigned 751–768) and (reigned 768/771–814), had remarkable success in creating and maintaining a relatively unified empire.

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Before and afterward, however, political units were fragmented and political authority diffused. The mightier of the later Carolingians attempted to regulate local magnates and enlist them in their service, but the power of local elites was never effaced. In the absence of forceful kings and emperors, local expanded the territory subject to them and intensified their control over the people living there.

In many areas the term feudum, as well as the terms and casamentum, came to be used to describe a form of property holding. The holdings these terms denoted have often been considered essentially dependent, over which their holders’ rights were notably limited. As the words were used in documents of the period, however, the characteristics of the holdings to which they were applied are difficult to distinguish from those of tenures designated by such words as, which has generally been translated as “freehold property.”still existed in the 17th century, when the feudal model—or, as contemporary historians term it, the feudal construct—was developed. At that time, the fief was a piece of property, usually land, that was held in return for service, which could include military duties.

The fief holder swore to the person from whom the fief was held (the, dominus, or seigneur) and became his (or her) man. The ceremony in which the oath was taken was called (from the Latin, homo; “man”). These institutions survived in England until they were abolished by in 1645 and, after the, by in 1660. Until their eradication by the between 1789 and 1793, they had considerable importance in France, where they were employed to create and reinforce familial and social bonds. Their pervasiveness made students of the past eager to understand how they had come into being. Similarities of terminology and practice found in documents surviving from the Middle Ages—especially the Libri feudorum (“Book of Fiefs”), an Italian of customs relating to property holding, which was made in the 12th century and incorporated into —led historians and lawyers to search for the origins of contemporary feudal institutions in the Middle Ages.

Charles II, detail of a painting by Sir Peter Lely, c. 1675; in the collection of the duke of Grafton. Courtesy of the Duke of Grafton and the Royal Academy of ArtsAs defined by scholars in the 17th century, the “feudal system” was characterized by the absence of public authority and the exercise by local lords of administrative and judicial functions formerly (and later) performed by centralized governments; general disorder and conflict; and the prevalence of bonds between lords and free dependents ( ), which were forged by the lords’ bestowal of property called “” and by their reception of homage from the vassals. These bonds entailed the rendering of services by vassals to their lords (military obligations, financial support) and the lords’ obligation to protect and respect their vassals.

These characteristics were in part deduced from medieval documents and chronicles, but they were interpreted in light of 17th-century practices and semantics. Learned legal commentaries on the laws governing the property called “fiefs” also affected interpretation of the sources. These commentaries, produced since the 13th century, focused on legal theory and on rules derived from actual disputes and cases. They did not include (nor were they intended to provide) dispassionate analysis of historical development. Legal commentators in the 16th century had prepared the way for the elaboration of the feudal construct by formulating the idea, loosely derived from the Libri feudorum, of a single feudal law, which they presented as being spread throughout Europe during the early Middle Ages. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription.The terms feudalism and feudal system enabled historians to deal summarily with a long span of European history whose complexities were—and remain—confusing.

The and the various emperors’ accomplishments provided a key to understanding Roman history, and the reemergence of states and strong rulers in the 12th century again furnished manageable focal points for historical narrative, particularly since medieval states and governmental practices can be presented as of modern nations and institutions. The feudal construct neatly filled the gap between the 5th and the 12th century.

Although Charlemagne may seem an in this evolution, he was presented as “sowing the seeds” from which feudalism emerged. A variety of Roman, barbarian, and Carolingian institutions were considered antecedents of feudal practices: Roman lordship and clientage, barbarian war chiefdoms and bands, grants of lands to soldiers and to officeholders, and oaths of loyalty and fidelity. In the 17th century, as later, the high point of feudalism was located in the 11th century. Later rulers who adopted and adapted feudal institutions to increase their power were labeled “feudal” and their governments called “feudal monarchies.” Despite the survival of institutions and practices associated with the medieval feudal system in the 17th century, historians of that time presented medieval feudalism and the feudal system as declining in importance in the 14th and 15th centuries. This period was later dubbed an age of “ ” because of the use of salaries and written contracts between lords and dependents.Those who formulated the concept of feudalism were affected by the search for simplicity and order in the universe associated with the work of (1473–1543) and especially (1642–1727).

Historians and philosophers were persuaded that if the universe operated systematically, so too must societies. In the 16th century some students of the law and customs of the fief declared that feudal institutions were universal and maintained that feudal systems had existed in Rome,. The philosopher (1668–1744) considered the fief one of humankind’s eternal institutions. Adopting a similar position, (1694–1778) contested the judgment of (1689–1755) that the appearance of feudal laws was a unique historical event. The philosophical historians of 18th-century Scotland searched for feudalism outside western Europe, and they expanded the construct’s field of significance to peasants as well as lords. (1723–90) presented feudal government as a stage of characterized by the absence of commerce and by the use of semi-free labour to land.

Smith’s student John Millar (1735–1801) found “the outlines of the feudal policy” in Asia and Africa. The association popularly made between the feudal construct and ignorance and fostered its extension to regions which Europeans scarcely knew and which they considered backward and primitive. Adam Smith, drawing by John Kay, 1790. © Photos.com/ThinkstockFollowing Millar’s precedent, some later historians continued to look for feudal institutions in times and places outside medieval Europe, most notably.

These efforts, predictably, resulted in misconceptions and misunderstanding. Historians using the feudal model for comparative purposes emphasized those characteristics which resemble or seem to resemble Western feudal practices and neglected other, dissimilar aspects, some of which were uniquely significant in shaping the evolution of the areas in question. For Westerners, the use of the feudal model necessarily created a deceptive sense of familiarity with societies that are different from their own.