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James Raymond Jordan Sr. (July 31, 1936 – July 23, 1993) was the father of Hall-of-Famebasketball player Michael Jordan, and the paternal grandfather of basketball players Jeffrey Jordan and Marcus Jordan.

Life[edit]

James Jordan Sr. was born in Wallace, North Carolina, on July 31, 1936. While attending Charity High School, he met Deloris Peoples. The two began dating and remained together for the next three years. Upon graduation, Jordan Sr. joined the Air Force and was stationed in San Antonio, Texas. In 1956, he transferred to a base in Virginia and married Peoples shortly thereafter. Their first child, son James Ronald 'Ronnie' Jr., was born the following year. Jordan Sr. left the Air Force and got a job at a textile mill in Wallace. The Jordans had two more children: daughter Deloris and a son, Larry.^[1]

In 1963, the Jordans left their children with Jordan Sr.'s mother and moved to Brooklyn so that he could receive mechanic's training on the G.I. Bill. He studied airplane hydraulics, while Peoples found work at a bank. While living in Brooklyn, the Jordans had another child, son Michael. As crime began to increase in Brooklyn in the 1960s, the Jordans moved back to North Carolina to raise their children in a safer environment. Upon completing his 18 months' training, Jordan Sr. and his family moved to Wilmington, North Carolina. It was there that the couple's fifth child, Roslyn, was born.^[1]

A lifelong basketball fan, Jordan Sr. played a large role in inspiring his son Michael to become an athlete and traveled the United States to follow his son's career, first at the University of North Carolina and then with the Chicago Bulls.^[2]

Nonetheless, Jordan Sr. was also a very big baseball fan, having gone semi-pro himself. In his autobiography and in interviews throughout his career, son Michael recounted that it was his father's vision that he become a baseball star. Baseball was, in fact, the first sport Jordan Sr. had taught him to play. Michael recounted that this was a major factor in his decision to try baseball after his first retirement from the NBA.^[3][4]

Death[edit]

On July 23, 1993, while returning home from a funeral, Jordan Sr. pulled over on US Highway 74 just south of Lumberton, North Carolina, to take a nap. Daniel Andre Green^[5] and Larry Martin Demery spotted the car Michael had recently purchased for him (a red Lexus SC400 with the North Carolina license plate that read 'UNC0023').^[6] Green and Demery shot Jordan to death while he slept in his car, then stole the vehicle. His body was found on August 3 in a swamp in McColl, South Carolina.As his body was in a state of extreme decomposition, Jordan Sr. was not identified until August 13 with the help of dental records provided by the family dentist.

After going through Jordan Sr.'s belongings, Green and Demery realized that Jordan Sr. was the father of Michael Jordan.^[7] They had taken other items from the car, including two NBA championship rings given to Jordan Sr. by his son. Green and Demery made several calls from Jordan Sr.'s cell phone and as a result were immediately captured. After their arrest, Demery said that they had planned only to tie up their victim and that Green pulled the trigger for no reason. Both were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for this and other violent crimes.^[8] The accusation was based only on Demery's testimony, when Green did not testify. Defense counsel Woodberry Bowen said Demery had everything to gain by lying that Green was the triggerman, and that Green's testimony put Demery closer than he earlier admitted.^[9] Court rulings that affected North Carolina such as Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 (1982) prohibited application of the death penalty.^[10] James Jordan Sr. was buried at Rockfish AME Church in Teachey, North Carolina, on August 15, 1993.^[8]

In 2010, it was revealed the case was one of nearly 200 that were in review after the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation found that laboratory technicians mishandled or omitted evidence.^[11] However, the Jordan case was later removed from the list.^[12]

On July 23, 2018, Christine Mumma, executive director of the Center on Actual Innocence, said evidence showed Green did not commit the murder. Green claimed Demery merely asked him for help disposing of the body.^[13] On August 3, Superior Court Judge Winston Gilchrist ruled on several motions and set a December date for a hearing.^[14] On December 5, Mumma asked Gilchrist to allow a closer look at evidence that could lead to a new trial, and Gilchrist said he would rule later.^[15] Gilchrist said on March 6, 2019, that he would not grant Green a hearing, and Mumma said she would appeal.^[16]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^ab'What Michael Jordan's Mother Knows About Parenting'. CNB. cbn.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
2. ^NBA Encyclopedia (March 1, 1996). 'NBA Encyclopedia - Michael Jordan=2007-11-18'.
3. ^Lazenby, Roland (May 5, 2014). 'Remember Michael Jordan's time in baseball, 20 years later'. Sportsonearth.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
4. ^Luke (August 3, 2012). 'Michael Jordan, his Father and Baseball. [HD]'. YouTube. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
5. ^Martin, Andrew (January 4, 1996). '`I Believe We Killed Jordan's Dad''. Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois: Tribune Media Services.
6. ^'Police refuse to name Jordan trigger man/Two teen-age suspects are denied bail'. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
7. ^'2 Men Held In Slaying Were Friends'. sun-sentinel.com. August 17, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
8. ^ ^ab'James R. Jordan, Sr., Father of Michael Jordan, Is Murdered'. Worldhistoryproject.org. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
9. ^'Green Sentenced to Life in Prison for James Jordan Murder'. Wral.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
10. ^Welty, Jeff (April 2012). 'The Death Penalty in North Carolina : History and Overview'(PDF). Unc.edu. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
11. ^Lab mistakes revive questions about murder of Jordan's father on USA Today.
12. ^'Daniel Andre Green, convicted in the 1993 murder of Michael Jordan's father, wants a retrial'. Fayobserver.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
13. ^Lamb, Amanda (July 23, 2018). '25 years after death of Michael Jordan's father, convicted killer awaits latest bid for new trial'. WRAL-TV. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
14. ^Kosikowski, Ashlea (August 3, 2018). '25 years ago today James Jordan's body found; convicted killer in court'. WWBT. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
15. ^'Man convicted of killing Michael Jordan's father argues trial violated constitutional rights'. NBC News. December 5, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2019 – via Associated Press.
16. ^Drew, Jonathan (March 8, 2019). 'Judge to reject new trial in death of Michael Jordan's father'. Salisbury Post. Retrieved March 9, 2019 – via Associated Press.

External links[edit]

James R. Jordan Sr. at Find a Grave

When Attica State Prison in opened in the 1930s, it promised improvements over the old 'silent system,' which had previously been used at prisons like. In time, however, Attica became a Spartan facility in which conditions were unusually harsh and discipline exceptionally brutal. In 1971, inmates captured control of a major part of the institution, took hostages, and issued a list of proposals for reform. The prisoners demanded better food and medical care, safeguards for religious practices, and higher wages for prison jobs. They also sought amnesty for any criminal offenses they had committed incident to the disturbance. The inmates released several guards, one of whom had been severely injured and later died of his wounds.

The commissioner of corrections, Russell G. Oswald, agreed to consider the prisoners' demands and appointed a special committee of state employees, politicians, reporters, and others to facilitate negotiations.

In succeeding days, the tense situation at Attica captured headlines across the nation. At one point, inmates exhibited hostages with knives to their throats. The commissioner responded favorably to some demands, but refused to guarantee amnesty.On the morning of the fifth day, Governor Nelson Rockefeller ordered the prison retaken by force. State authorities later explained that they believed 'revolutionaries' had planned the initial action and that hostages were being executed or castrated.

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Helicopters dropped canisters of. Hundreds of guards and riot police stormed the facility, shooting indiscriminately. They wounded more than eighty inmates and killed twenty-nine. In the chaos, they also inadvertently shot ten hostages to death. When the institution was secure, the officers forced inmates to strip naked and lie on their faces in the mud.

They beat or shot inmates who raised their heads. Some officers tormented inmates with racial epithets and threats of castration.

Other officers formed a gauntlet and clubbed naked prisoners as they ran through it. National television carried images of the spectacle.State authorities charged numerous prisoners with criminal offenses allegedly committed during the five-day episode.

Yet most of the charges were ultimately abandoned. In 1976, Governor Hugh Carey issued a blanket pardon for everyone and ordered the records concerningAttica sealed for fifty years. A congressional committee condemned the violent nature of the assault and the savage treatment of inmates that followed.

A special commission concluded that the inmates had not planned the uprising, but had acted spontaneously out of hostility born of poor living conditions. More than a thousand inmates sued state officials over the abuse they had suffered.

After years of litigation, the prisoners won an $8 million settlement.The events at Attica left deep psychological scars. For some, Attica demonstrated the many failures of American penal policy, especially the disastrous consequences of confining large numbers of prisoners under severe discipline in primitive, crowded quarters. BIBLIOGRAPHYNew York State Special Commission on Attica. Attica: The Official Report of the New York State Special Commission on Attica. New York: Bantam, 1972.Oswald, Russell G.

Attica: My Story. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1972.Wicker, Tom. A Time to Die: The Attica Prison Revolt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.Larry YackleSee also Prisons and Prison Reform; Riots. Citation stylesEncyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites.

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Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites. Modern Language AssociationThe Chicago Manual of StyleAmerican Psychological AssociationNotes:.Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates.In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations.

Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Citation stylesEncyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates.

Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites. Modern Language AssociationThe Chicago Manual of StyleAmerican Psychological AssociationNotes:.Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates.In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Citation stylesEncyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style.

Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites. Modern Language AssociationThe Chicago Manual of StyleAmerican Psychological AssociationNotes:.Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers.

Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important.

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Modern Language AssociationThe Chicago Manual of StyleAmerican Psychological AssociationNotes:.Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important.

Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates.In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Citation stylesEncyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites.

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Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Citation stylesEncyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates.

Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites. Modern Language AssociationThe Chicago Manual of StyleAmerican Psychological AssociationNotes:.Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates.In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations.

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